Ludwig Ludwig DS DS Competing paradigms of obesity pathogenesis: energy balance versus carbohydrate-insulin models Competing paradigms of obesity pathogenesis: energy balance versus carbohydrate-insulin models Eur J Clin Nutr Eur J Clin Nutr 2022 2022 76 76 9 9 1209 1209 1221 1221 supplied-pmid 35896818? The gene discussed is INS; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.