IFIH1 and infection: To address whether UBXN9 protects against infection with muscle tropic RNA viruses sensed by RLRs, we utilized encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV, which specifically stimulates MDA5) and arthritogenic O'nyong nyong virus (ONNV, which activates both RIG-I and MDA5) 22, 23, 24.