INS and gestational diabetes: Table 2 shows the independent risk for GDM and these include identified were the previous history of GDM (OR 9.25, 95 % CI 3.14−27.22, p < 0.001), fasting insulin (OR 1.07, 95 % CI 1.03−1.11, p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (OR 75.34, 95 % CI 15.32−370.60, p < 0.001), obesity (OR 2.08, 95 % CI 1.09−3.95, p = 0.026), and vitamin D deficiency (OR 2.96, 95 % CI 1.22−7.19, p = 0.05).