HMGB1 and necrotizing enterocolitis: Human Intestines• Increased intestinal HMGB1 expression in human neonates with NEC (19, 24, 27)Human Serum• Increased serum HMGB1 in infants with NEC (22, 28)• Increased serum HMGB1 in Stage II and III NEC compared to Stage I NEC (27)Human Stool• Early fecal HMGB1 levels were predictive of NEC risk (29)Human Genetics• Differences in SNP frequencies in HMGB1 (which may affect HMGB1 expression) were associated with susceptibility and survival in NEC neonates (30)