Mouse models (utilizing formula and LPS gavage/hypoxia)• H3cit cells in the intestines were increased in NEC mice (31, 32)Mouse models (utilizing G-CSF/ formula and LPS gavage/hypoxia)• G-CSF increased NEC disease manifestation in mice with increased intestinal H3cit, whereas ELANE-knockdown were protected from NEC, had undetectable H3cit, and had improved survival (34). Here, CSF3 is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis.