However, in contrast with our results, other reports showed a link between high serum TNF levels and clinical severity of TB measured by chest X-ray alterations, weight loss, and positive PPD skin test (Júnior et al., 2008; Beig et al., 2023), whereas Kart et al. (2003) found no relationship between increased TNF levels and TB outcomes. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is tuberculosis.