INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The problems were muscle loss worsens diabetes; sarcopenia, characterized by progressive muscle mass and functional decline, can exacerbate T2DM complications; impaired glucose control, reduced muscle mass leads to decreased insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, hindering blood sugar control, a hallmark of T2DM [5]; and cardiovascular risk, both T2DM and sarcopenia are independent risk factors for CVD.