In comparison to healthy non-smokers and smokers, patients with COPD showed increased levels of NF-κB-dependent cytokines (IL-1β, CXCL8 in BALF, Fig. 8a, d, and CXCL5, IL-1β in lung tissue slices, Supplementary Fig. S16e–j) and NETs components (MPO, NE activity in BALF, Fig. 8j, Supplementary Fig. S15a), but decreased the level of type-I IFN (IFN-β in BLAF, Fig. 8g, and in lung tissue slices, Supplementary Fig. S16k–m). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.