In contrast, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages are characterized by the overexpression of TGFβ, IL10, Arg1 and other signature proteins, which are associated with matrix deposition, promoting CF (Ma et al. 2018; Horst et al. 2015; Peet et al. 2020; Yang et al. 2018). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cystic fibrosis.