Although macrophages in the CF context expressed high levels of inflammatory factors such as IL-6 to promote fibrosis, these macrophages also highly expressed anti-inflammatory factors such as TGF-β and IL-10, which have been shown in previous reports to be the main factors leading to CF (Revelo et al. 2021; Khalil et al. 2017; Su et al. 2017). Here, IL6 is linked to cystic fibrosis.