Both neuropathological and human-induced pluripotent stem cell studies of individuals with AGS have identified astrocytes as a potential cellular source of IFN-α in AGS,11,12,13 which is modeled in transgenic mice that express Ifna1 under the control of an astrocyte-specific promotor14,15 (Gfap-Ifna1, referred to as GIFN mice throughout). This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome.