Another study found that TNF-α and IFN-γ were able to induce PANoptosis in 13 different human cancer cell lines from colon, lung, melanoma, and leukemia, through the activation of GSDMD, GSDME, caspase-8, caspase-3, caspase-7 and MLKL (Fig. 3B) [101]. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.