To study a potential cause-effect relationship between the microbiota and chemotherapy response, faecal microbiota transplantation from the first ten recruited R (responders) and NR (nonresponders) patients was performed into gnotobiotic mice, followed by orthotopic injection of Pdx1-Cre, LSL-KRASG12D, LSL-Trp53R172H/+ (KPC) pancreatic cancer cells99. Here, PDX1 is linked to pancreatic neoplasm.