Mechanisms such as glucose toxicity,31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 insulin resistance,32, 33, 36 and microvascular dysfunction could underpin this link,31, 35 with hyperglycemia potentially affecting neuronal insulin receptors and contributing to brain pathology through oxidative and inflammatory stress.31, 37, 38, 39. Here, INSR is linked to Hyperglycemia.