Older age, being retired, longer diabetes duration, higher HbA1c levels, having hypertension and being on insulin therapy were significantly associated with higher odds of DR (p < 0.05; Table 2), whereas patients with a secondary school level of education or higher, a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 compared with <25 kg/m2, and those who are physically active, as opposed to inactive, showed a significantly lower odds of having DR (p < 0.05). Here, INS is linked to hypertensive disorder.