TNF and Cerebral ischemia: The expression of inflammatory markers (i.e., IL-1β and TNF-α) was much higher in studies on neuronal injury, cerebral ischemia, and inflammation, which intensified the inflammatory response (Lisman et al., 2017, Wang et al., 2021a, Carbonell et al., 1998) and promoted the transcription of IL-1β and NF-κB in brain tissue (Carbonell and Grady, 1999).