Finally, we generated a Venn diagram to identify overlapping genes from the three machine learning methods (Fig. 5D), resulting in nine significant genes, including FAM174B, PMP22, ATF4, DLD, ELOB, CTDP1, SV2B, USP10, and PHACTR1, all closely associated with the prognosis of IPF patients. Here, FAM174B is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.