A strong and highly significant association between KRAS/TP53 and smoking status was found in both HD-ICI and TCGA-LUAD: Significantly higher proportions of smokers (19 and 13%) had KRASmut/TP53mut tumours compared with non-smokers (8 and 5%), whereas slightly higher proportions of smokers had KRASmut/TP53wt and KRASwt/TP53mut compared with non-smokers. Here, KRAS is linked to neoplasm.