Previous reports suggested that the elevated CTGF in AD brain is mainly produced by active astrocytes in the neurovascular unit, and we confirmed this conclusion by co-locating DGC with immunofluorescence of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker of active astrocytes) in the APP/PS1 brain sections (Fig. S5). Here, GFAP is linked to Alzheimer disease.