In meningeal cells, exposure to CSF conditioned by melanoma/meningeal cell co-cultures also promoted cyclin D1, fibronectin, TGF-β1, and TGF-βR expression, suggesting that exposure to tumor cells in the CSF space activates pro-tumorigenic, CAF-associated programs in meningeal stroma (Figure 3G). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.