Based on these results, 11 patients with atypical parkinsonism (4 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA), 5 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 2 patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) were treated with G-CSF (5 mcg/kg daily for 6 days/month) for 3 months in Italy. Here, CSF3 is linked to multiple system atrophy.