This study aimed to compare the effects of anti-TNF-α agents and UST on small intestinal inflammation using propensity score analysis.<h4>Methods</h4>This retrospective observational study involved 70 patients with Crohn's disease who had inflammation in the small intestine and had initiated treatment with either anti-TNF agents or UST between March 2015 and August 2021. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Crohn disease.