TP53 and cholangiocarcinoma: p53 is induced by ROS and regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells (Cao et al. 2020; Xing et al. 2022; Shi et al. 2020), and both p53 and ROS together inhibit the progression of CCA (Wandee et al. 2021; Ren et al. 2021).