As we have shown that YakA is also required for virulence of A. fumigatus, there is a clear possibility that β-carbolines, which have been developed to target the YakA orthologue DYRK1A for use as an anti-depressant or a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, could represent a novel class of clinical therapeutics that synergise with the azoles60. This evidence concerns the gene DYRK1A and Parkinson disease.