The above-mentioned actions of GIP relate primarily to receptor agonism, with positive effects on insulin secretion (Ding & Gromada 1997) and satiety (Samms et al. 2020, Fig. 1) having clear potential benefits in obesity and diabetes (Flatt 2008, Irwin & Flatt 2009b). This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.