Given the aforementioned biological consequences of GIPR modulation (Fig. 1), it is clear that this signalling pathway holds theoretical promise for the treatment of both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, as has been witnessed to profound effect with GLP-1 (Nauck et al. 2021a). Here, GLP1R is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.