This “Y-shaped”peptide exploited the overexpression of QSR in the BBB and the upregulationof GRP78 in BTB, GBM cells, and GSCs to achieve an all-stage targetingstrategy.145 Farshbaf and colleagues developedbortezomib-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers dual-functionalizedwith D8 peptide and RI-VAP peptide to target nAChRs in the BBB andGRP78 (in both BTB and GBM cells), respectively. The gene discussed is HSPA5; the disease is glioblastoma.