Western blot analysis of the cell lysate of infected cholangiocytes after infection with either RRV, Ro1845, RRVVP4-R446G, or Ro1845VP4-G446R revealed phosphorylated NF-κB was significantly increased in RRV- and Ro1845VP4-G446R-infected cholangiocytes than Ro1845 and RRVVP4-R446G infection (Fig. 5B). Here, NFKB1 is linked to infection.