CD274 and neoplasm: Our findings indicate that current research primarily focuses on immune checkpoint markers (such as PD-L1 expression and levels of immune cell infiltration), microenvironment-associated markers (like tumor-associated lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), metabolic markers (including metabolites and metabolic enzymes), and genomic markers (mutations, gene expression, and genomic structural variants).