Indeed, the prevalence of TLR3 expression in gliomas is poorly understood (42), but we noted the concomitant expression of other PRR: retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I/DDX58), melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA-5/IFIH1), stimulator of interferon genes (STING1), and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS; Supplementary Fig. S6C–S6F). Here, MAVS is linked to glioma.