ST3Gal1 expression was significantly lower in CF HBECs (0.45 ± 0.1 ST3Gal1/βactin; P < 0.05; Fig. 7I,K) than that of non-CF HBECs (0.76 ± 0.1 ST3Gal1/βactin). Here, ST3GAL1 is linked to cystic fibrosis.