It has been reported that M1 macrophage activation in anti-GBM GN is NF-κB-dependent (51) and M1-mediated NF-κB signaling can release cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF) (52). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and glioblastoma.