PINK1 and Parkinson disease: Many single gene mutations have been identified that lead to or increase the risk of PD, including coding α- Genes of synaptic nucleoprotein, leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) (Bardai et al., 2018), glucose cerebrosidase, parkin, and PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK-1) (Yang et al., 2022).