Additionally, β-arrestin1 (ARRB1) activated at the signaling network of all three cell types was reported to interact with pro-GDF15, promoting its cleavage and maturation in the Golgi apparatus, and the absence of ARRB1 significantly exacerbates hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation (Zhang et al., 2020). Here, GDF15 is linked to fatty liver disease.