VAPB and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Reduced levels of VAPB have been detected in sporadic non-familial ALS cases,42 and its levels are 50% of normal in motor neurones generated from induced pluripotent stem cells of patient with ALS8.43 Furthermore, VapB knockout mice exhibit mild motor defects with a decreased cage hang time at 18 months of age.44 These results suggest that VAPB insufficiency may play a role in ALS8 pathology.