A number of studies have linked pro-angiogenic VEGF signalling to ADPKD progression, although the picture is admittedly complex: suppression of either VEGFR1 or VEGFR2 expression suppressed cyst growth in the Han:SPRD model of polycystic kidney disease (Tao et al., 2007), but paradoxically anti-VEGF treatment augmented cyst growth and accelerated functional decline in the same model (Raina et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene KDR and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.