In vitro experiments by the same group on rat primary neurons, astrocytes, and microglia have shown that 2–8-week exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi induces AD-like changes, such as overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), tau hyperphosphorylation, and the accumulation of Aβ inclusions reminiscent of amyloid plaques. This evidence concerns the gene MAPT and Alzheimer disease.