To understand the molecular alterations induced in the brain by the development of insulin-resistance and T2D, we evaluated changes in BVR-A and the insulin signaling pathway by the mean of IR, IRS1, Akt and GSK3β protein levels and phosphorylation, in the hippocampus of GK rats as compared to Wistar rats (Fig. 1a). Here, IRS1 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.