Indeed, although hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an analog of CQ with equipotency for autophagy inhibition (76), had limited efficacy for pancreatic cancer patients (77), the combination of CQ or HCQ with inhibitors of the MAPK pathway (e.g., the MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib) has generated promising results in preclinical models of both KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer and NRAS-mutant melanoma (70, 71). Here, MAP2K1 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.