INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: β-Cell death contributes to β-cell loss, insufficient insulin secretion, and hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) (Mandrup-Poulsen 2001, Mathis et al. 2001, Cnop et al. 2005, Rhodes 2005), and studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate β-cell death have focused principally on β-cell apoptosis (Augstein et al. 1998, Mandrup-Poulsen 2001, Butler et al. 2003, 2007) and necrosis (Hoorens et al. 2001, Scarim et al. 2001, Fehsel et al. 2003).