INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In addition to islet autoantibodies, other biomarkers of β-cell failure including unmethylated insulin and amylin promoter DNA, proinsulin:C-peptide ratio, and miRNAs (miR375, miR21, miR34a, miR146a) are being investigated toward the development of reliable biomarker panels for the detection of β-cell demise in early T1D (Roggli et al. 2010, Tersey et al. 2012, Erener et al. 2013, Mirmira et al. 2016).