NDST1 and liver cancer: Additionally, using Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) to compute the expression of migrasome-related markers such as TSPAN4, NDST1, CPQ, EOGT, and TSPAN7, we observed an overlap between migrasome expression regions and CD151 expression, with both being highest in the “Malignant” and “Boundary” regions (Fig. 7e), indicating a strong correlation between CD151 and migrasome expression in liver cancer.