It has been hypothesized that in WLWH patients under ART, could express less PD-L1 in the tumour cells as result of the therapy58, even though in general it has been stated that WLWH patients are more prone to over-express PD-L1 in the tumour cell as a result of the chronic inflammatory status driven by HIV infection itself, as well as genomic alterations induced by HPV/HIV synergetic effect2,59. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.