TNF and acute kidney injury: We have shown that exosome-based delivery of srIκB can effectively suppress inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in vitro and ameliorate inflammation-related pathologies in various disease models, including sepsis, preterm birth, reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury, alcohol-induced liver damage, and chronic post-ischemia pain.43-46