THBS1 and acute kidney injury: Studies have indicated that THBS1 is able to modulates levels of VEGF, eNOS, nitric oxide, cGMP, and PKG kinase.[50, 51, 52, 53] Indeed, in CKD, renal blood flow has been shown to be significantly reduced.[54] This phenomenon in addition to THBS1's role in mediating fibrotic pathways may contribute to the progression of AKI to CKD.