CXCL8 and pneumococcal pneumonia: Antimicrobials exhibit immunomodulatory effects that influence cytokine production, potentially lowering cytokine levels.26 A prior clinical study revealed that ceftriaxone decreased concentrations of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) starting from 24 h after the initiation of ceftriaxone therapy in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, an effect sustained up to 120 h.22 Another study indicated a dose-dependent effect.27 Consequently, administering a high dose of ceftriaxone in the early stages of infection may amplify its immunomodulatory effects.