TNF and endometritis: In a study on Staphylococcus aureus-induced endometritis, treatment with cynaroside was found to downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and upregulate the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, while suppressing the TLR2 and NF-κB signaling pathways (28).