TGFB1 and Peritoneal Fibrosis: In addition, the expression of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in the peritoneum was reduced after AMS treatment at a dose of 4000 mg/kg, and the reduction of phosphorylated SMAD2/3 also confirmed the inhibitory effect of AMS on TGF-β/Smad pathway (Z. Li et al., 2014), and it was also found that the role of macrophages in peritoneal fibrosis is bidirectional and complex.