Alterations in gut flora can stimulate the production of cytokines such as IL-17, IL-22, IL-6, GM-CSF, and TGF-β, which can shape TME, enhance the recruitment of MDSCs and tumor-promoting cells to TME, maintain the immune microenvironment, and support tumor immune surveillance through INF-γ and IL-17 (71). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.