(33, 68) Furthermore, in a case series of pediatric patients with B-ALL who had refractory CRS despite IL-6 inhibition, glucocorticoids, and IL-1 blockade, a single dose of emapalumab 1 mg/kg resulted in a profound decrease in inflammatory markers and significant clinical improvement in five of six patients treated (69). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is congenital rubella syndrome.