Inflammatory markers and cytokines that have been implicated in CRS include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-ɣ), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, soluble IL2Rα, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), granzyme B, and soluble gp130. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is congenital rubella syndrome.