Among these pathways, key signaling pathways associated with GGLM treatment for cardiac arrhythmias included pathways in cancer, lipid, and atherosclerosis, advanced glycation end product-receptor of advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE) signaling pathway in diabetic complications, MAPK signaling pathway, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway, and proteoglycans in cancer (Fig. 2b). Here, AKT1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.