TGFB1 and neoplasm: Mechanistically, TA-MSCs produce large amounts of pro-metastatic and pro-tumor factors such as neuregulin-1 [209], VEGF [210], bone morphogenetic proteins [211], TGF-β [212], CCL5 [213], CXCL10 [214], CXCL12 [215], CD81-positive exosomes [216], and MMPs [217].