ACE and chronic kidney disease: Other variables associated with DR were OR (95% CI): lower education 1.08 (1.02 to 1.14); previous stroke 1.18 (1.07 to 1.30); chronic kidney disease 1.29 (1.07 to 1.56); treatment with acetylsalicylic acid 1.14 (1.07 to 1.21); ACE inhibitors 1.12 (1.05 to 1.19); and alpha blockers 1.41 (1.15 to 1.73).