The Venn diagram illustrating the diagnosis of HCC patients confirmed by analyzing both AFP and anti-BIRC5 autoantibody revealed that an additional 33 cases could be detected when combining these two biomarkers together (Fig. 4F), thereby suggesting that anti-BIRC5 autoantibody plays a complementary role alongside AFP in the diagnosis of HCC. This evidence concerns the gene AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma.